Introduction: To investigate the total number of primordial follicles, and histological changes in these follicles before and after exposure to GAMMA radiation. Material & Method: 108-Female albino rats of 3 weeks age were divided into three groups. Out of them, 36 animals received 4.5 Gray, and 36 received 8.3 Gray of GAMMA radiation while rest of them received sham radiation. Ovaries of rats were dissected out 2hrs, 4hrs, 6hrs, one day, 7 days and 14 days after IRRADIATION. Histological examination of five random sections of each ovary was performed.Results: The stockpile of primordial follicles almost depleted within 24 hours. The pool of primordial follicles was greatly suppressed after IRRADIATION showing primordial follicles radiosensitivity. Intense necrosis was evident showing karyorrhexis and karyolysis in nucleus of oocyte while effects on granulosa cells were little and they were added to the bulk of interstitial tissues.   Conclusion: Therefore we can conclude that GAMMA ionizing radiation induces intense and rapid necrotic degeneration of oocyte in primordial ovarian follicles. The granulosa cells of degenerated primordial follicle increase the bulk of ovarian interstitial tissue. Resultant ovaries do not have enough follicular reserve for ovulatory process which may lead to early cessation of menstruation and eventually infertility.

Pure early soybean mutants evolved through mutagenesis (Co-60) from cultivar Clark irradiated with doses 100Gy, 150Gy, 200Gy and 250Gy (absorbed dose) were evaluated for agronomical traits and compared with two commercial cultivars ; Clark and Williams in two regions, Karaj and Alishtar. Experimental design was conducted in a simple lattice (7m x 7m) with two replications. A significant statistical difference in yield existed at 1 and 5 percent level among mutant lines and between mutants – Williams and mutants– Clark, respectively in Karaj. The mutant line number 47 placed itself at the top of the list with the yield of 4782 Kg /hect. , followed by mutant line number 38 with 4722 Kg/hect. .A number of mutant lines matured between 10 to 12 days earlier than the commercial soybean cultivars used as checks in the experiment. In Alishtar seed yield of mutant lines compared to the cultivar Williams showed a significant difference at 5% level. The highest seed yield of 3147 Kg/hect. belonged to the mutant line 47 which also matured two weeks earlier compared to the cultivar Clark. The compound analysis of seed yield in Karaj and Alishtar showed superiority of 15 mutant lines over the cultivar Clark and 36 mutant lines over the cultivar Williams. The mutant line number 18 producing seed yield of 3643 Kg/hect. ranks first in the list while, it matured earlier than both check cultivars, Clark and Williams.

Background and Aim We need the next-generation of whole-inactivated influenza vaccines to create stronger cross-protection against different influenza subtypes. This research aimed to apply the inactivation process of the influenza virus through GAMMA radiation as a candidate for the development of whole-inactivated vaccines. Methods and Materials The influenza virus strain A/PR/8/34 (A/Puerto Rico/8/34 [H1N1]) was propagated in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells. After ultrafiltration, the virus infectivity titer was calculated by 50% Tissue Culture Infectious Dose (TCID 50%) method based on the Karber formula. Alternatively, the GAMMA cell-220 was applied for virus inactivation via GAMMA rays. The D10 value factor and optimum dose of virus inactivation were calculated based on the dose/survival curve and the initial viral titer. In addition, antigenic properties of irradiated viruses compared to un-irradiated viruses and complete inactivation of the irradiated samples with optimum dose were also evaluated by hemagglutination assay and safety test, respectively. Ethical Considerations The Research Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch, Iran approved this study (Code: IR. IAU. TMU. REC. 1397. 309). Results According to the concentrated virus titer (TCID50: 105. 75/ml) and dose/survival curve, the D10 value factor and optimum dose of virus inactivation were calculated at 4. 878 and 28. 048 kGy, respectively. On the other hand, owing to the results obtained from the safety test and hemagglutination assay, the optimum dose of virus inactivation was determined to be 28 kGy by maintaining the antigenic properties. Conclusion GAMMA radiation appears to be a good candidate for vaccine development through maintaining the antigenic structures.

Background: The study of rheological properties of blood has special interest; since it is a circulating fluid exposed to shear rates during its life time. This work aims to investigate the influence of whole body GAMMA IRRADIATION on the rheological properties of rat’s blood. The applied shear rate was from 12 to 375 s-1. Low shear viscosity (up to 100 s-1) depends mainly on the erythrocytes aggregation while the high shear viscosity depends on the erythrocytes deformability.Materials and Methods: Adult male rats were exposed to 1, 2.5, 3.5, 5, 7 and 9 Gy single doses. The consistency index, apparent viscosity, yield stress and aggregation index were increased after exposure to GAMMA radiation. The dielectric properties of the erythrocytes, in the low frequency range (60 Hz to 40 kHz), were measured in order to investigate the changes in the membrane surface charge. Results: The results obtained indicate that the viscosity, consistency index and yield stress increased after the exposure to the lowest dose taken; 1 Gy, and continued to increase as the exposure dose increased up to dose 7 Gy and then decrease after exposure to 9 Gy. The relative permittivity and relaxation time showed significant decrease after exposure to the lowest dose and continue to decrease as the dose increased. Conclusion: The obtained results can be attributed to the decrease of membrane surface charge after exposure to GAMMA radiation. The decrease in the membrane surface charge is known to decrease the repulsion between the cells and increase blood viscosity.

Taeniasis is one of the parasitic zoonotic diseases that could transmit through the consuming of semicooked or raw beef infested with Cysticercosebovis. IRRADIATION as a safe approach can be applied in order to eliminate parasites from foods. It can be used as a control method to prevent parasitic foodborne diseases. Therefore, in this study the cattle muscles containing live cysts were selected from two slaughterhouses of Alborz province and were subjected for GAMMA IRRADIATION with different doses (0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1 and 1.5) KGY. Afterwards, the samples were stained with Eosin Methylene-Blue and were observed with light microscope to determine the viability of the cysts. The analysis of data was conducted with SPSS version 22. The results indicated that 0.8, 0.9, 1 and 1.5 KGY doses were capable to inactivate viable cysts significantly, with 72%, 82.6%, 90.9% and 91.6%, respectively. Therefore, 1 KGY is recommended as appropriate dose for elimination of C. bovis.

Background: The approaches chosen for control of Outbreaks of infectious diseases in Aquatic farming industry include improvement of environmental conditions, stocking of specific pathogen free (SPF) brood stockings, and application of vaccines and immunostimulants. Despite numerous studies on the effects of Ergosan on immune system of aquatic animals, there is no data available on antioxidant activities of Ergosan. The aim of the present study was to investigate and evaluate the radical scavenging activities of Ergosan extract by DPPH (1, 1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay, and the possible effects of GAMMA IRRADIATION on its assumed radical scavenging activities.Materials and Methods: Ergosan was irradiated with GAMMA rays (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 kGy), and their structural changes and antioxidant activities were investigated by UV absorbance and DPPH (1, 1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assays, respectively.Results: The GAMMA IRRADIATION decreased the average pH of irradiated Ergosan, and UV spectra of irradiated product showed increase in the number of carboxyl groups and double bonds. Our results showed that 30 kGy irradiated Ergosan suspension had significant higher level of antioxidant activity in comparison with non-irradiated Ergosan (P<0.05). Also, the reducing power values of 30 and 50 kGy irradiated Ergosan were higher than that of nonirradiated (P<0.05) and the other doses of IRRADIATION couldn’t make any significant difference in reducing power of Ergosan.Conclusion: Results indicate that the 30 kGy irradiated Ergosan might be an appropriate candidate for the use in aquatic animal diets as a natural antioxidant agent besides its immunostimulant role.

Chrysanthemum is one of the ornamental plants that cultivated widely in worldwide. This flower is one of the most important cut and pot flowers in the world due to its high diversity of colors and shapes. The creation of mutation is an important method for the production of new cultivars, and many cultivars have been produced through spontaneous and induced mutations. In this study, explants of leaf pieces from three most cultivated chrysanthemum varieties were irradiated with different GAMMA rays. This experiment was conducted as factorial in randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that an appropriate dose of GAMMA ray to produce a mutation in the varieties used in this experiment, is 25 G-ray. The obtained results showed that the 25 G-ray in purple cultivar produced the greatest change in petal color with a mutation rate of 54. 56%. Meanwhile, the maximum number of new colors belonged to the purple group. Also, in the pink cultivar, the highest number of colored flowers was observed with a change of 32. 11% in the 25 G-ray treatment. Based on the results of this study, four new cultivars will be introduced to the Iranian flower industry as a new cultivar.

Background: Invasion by different kinds of ballast water microorganisms is one of the most important marine environment problems around the world; therefore preventing the invasion of these unwanted and harmful stowaways is one of the main strategies of responsible agencies. Some of these methods such as ocean exchange, heating, filtration, hydro cyclones, UV IRRADIATION and chemical treatment, have various problems such as technical deficiency, high costs, lack of safety and environmental side effects. Materials and Methods: A novel system of treatment by GAMMA IRRADIATION is designed to irradiate the blast water uniformly and effectively. To determine the dose distribution as a function of distance from the IRRADIATION source, the MNCP code was used. The systems used for source implant in this simulation were Paterson-Parker, Paris and Network systems. In each system, Sivert-integral and inverse square law were used in MATLAB program to determine the dose distribution. Results: Results of initial laboratory tests on offshore water samples of Siri Island indicated that the appropriate dose for deactivation of organisms of water samples is approximately one kGy. It has been demonstrated that the dose can be provided by twenty five 100,000 Ci line sources of 60Co in a triangle implant arranged in a 1x1 x1 m3 cubic shape water pipe. In order to increase efficiency and radiation safety, water passed from two other coaxial and bigger cubes, after passing from the first cube. A one meter thick wall of concrete around the cubes was adequate to shield the system completely. Conclusion: The main advantages of this system such as high efficiency, safety, reliability, minimum environmental adverse effects, prove that this novel method not only can be used for ballast water treatment, but is also effective for drinking water purification.

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a well-known renewable and biodegradable polymer but is still limited by its low heat distortion temperature and brittleness. In this study, a PLA/flax composite containing flax fiber strands (5 wt%) was prepared through melt-compounding process followed by GAMMA IRRADIATION at doses ranging from 0 to 20 kGy in the presence of a small amount of triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) as cross-linking agent. The gel fraction of the composite was tested, and the datum showed that the gel fraction sharply increased first, and then slightly decreased with increasing IRRADIATION dose. GAMMA IRRADIATION induced cross-linking of the polymer to form a three-dimensional network in the PLA/flax composite system. Irradiated composite could only swell instead of dissolving completely in chloroform, and the swollen morphology correlated with IRRADIATION dose. The thermal stability of the PLA/flax composite was characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) temperature, and dimensional stability. Overall, IRRADIATION modification improved the thermal resistance and dimensional stability of PLA composites. The mechanical property tests of the irradiated composites revealed increased tensile and impact strengths, reduced elongation-at-break, and unchanged tensile modulus. The analysis of water absorption of the composite demonstrated that the IRRADIATION cross-linking induced no obvious effect on water absorption. IRRADIATION cross-linking modification cannot change the hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity of PLA composites. Overall, these findings look promising for future use in reinforcement and improvement of the thermal resistance of PLA/flax composites.